The sword is, as it were, consecrated to God; and the art of war becomes a part of our religion.” –Samuel Davies

Thursday, January 10, 2013

A Scottish Doctor Defies The English King

Ok, this story is 17th century and not 18th century but I thought it was so remarkable I had to post it.  Below is the official government record of the trial and execution of the sentence against Alexander Leighton, the Scottish Presbyterian minister and physician.  If you’ve ever seen the movie “Cromwell” (which I would highly recommend) this is the same King Charles I whose subordinates tortured Leighton as described below.

Star Chamber Reports: 6 Charles I
Attorn. Regis versus Leighton.; Libel against his Majesty, the Peers and Bishops.

The Defendant being a Roman Catholick, framed and contrived a seditious Book against his Majesty, the Peers, Bishops and Prelates of this Kingdom, Intituled (An Appeal to the Parliament: Or, Sion's Plea against the Prelacy) and caused about five or six hundred of them to be printed, wherein were contained these traiterous, false, libellous and seditious Assertions and Positions following. 1. That we do not read of greater Persecutions, higher Indignity done upon God's People in any Nation professing the Gospel, than in this our Island. 2. He terms our Prelates Men of Blood, and Enemies to God and the State. 3. He faith it is the main and Master-Sin, the establishing and maintaining of Bishops within this Realm, and that Ministers should have Voices in Councils, both deliberative and decisive. 4. That the Prelacy of our Church is Antichristian and Satanical, and the Bishops Ravens and Pye-Maggots that prey upon the State. 5. That the Canons of our Church made 1603 are Nonsense-Canons. 6. He condemns the religious and devout Ceremony of Kneeling in receiving the Sacrament, alledging, that the Suggestion of false Fears to the King by the Prelacy, and the seeking of their own unlawful Standing brought forth that received Spawn of the Beast, Kneeling, &c. 7. He saith the Prelates corrupt the King, forestalling his Judgment against God and Goodness. 8. He calls our Queen the Daughter of Heth. 9. He impiously commends him that killed the Duke of Buckingham, and encourages others to do the like. 10. He scandals the King and Kingdom, saying, All that pass by us spoil us, and we spoil all that rely upon us, which being too well known, makes us odious to the World. 11. That no King may make Laws in the House of God; for if they might, then the Scriptures should be imperfect. Lastly, He adviseth all to consider then what a pity it is, and an indelible dishonour it will be to the State Representative, that so ingenious and tractable a King should be so monstrously abused by the bane of Princes, to the undoing of himself and his Subjects; and for this he was committed to the Fleet during Life, unless the King enlarge him; fined 10000 l. referred to the High Commission Court to be degraded of his Ministry, and then to be whipped at the Pillory at Westminster, and standing on the Pillory to lose one of his Ears, his Nose slit, and his Face branded with a double S. and in like fort to be whipped and lose his other Ear at the Pillory in Cheapside. 1

First off, one almost has to laugh that Leighton is referred to as a “Roman Catholick.”  When you read the charges against Leighton here, it is very clear that he was anything but a Roman Catholic.  The enemies of God’s people seem to always falsely accuse them of being what those enemies themselves are.  Although England was nominally Protestant many of the ruling class was “Anglo-Catholic” in doctrine and practice and the Puritans and other dissenters often faced horrific persecution at their hands.  I have to admit that I had to look up the reference to Leighton calling the queen a “daughter of Heth” but once I found it, I had to chuckle. The reference is to Genesis 27:46 where Rebekah lamented to Isaac that she didn’t want Jacob to marry a “daughter of Heth,” that is, a woman outside the covenant community, a woman of the culture of the world.  Charles’ wife was a French Catholic (the movie “Cromwell” picks up on this) and hence that is the point Leighton was making.  Leighton argues for the headship of Christ alone over His church and that the earthly king has no authority to make laws governing the church.  In essence, Leighton merely promotes Reformed Theology and the logical cultural implications that grow out of it.  For his “crimes” he was tortured and disfigured in opposition to the very biblical law the English authorities and the king would have claimed they were upholding in punishing Leighton.  For those who sympathize with King Charles I and lament his execution, just read about the fates of Leighton and the other Reformers like him and realize that ultimately their blood rests on Charles’ hands.  For the rest of us, God grant that we would have such boldness to be like Leighton and proclaim the kingship of Christ over each and every aspect of life.

Christ, not man, is King!
Dale

1 )       John Rushworth, "Star Chamber Reports: 6 Charles I," Historical Collections of Private Passages of State: Volume 3: 1639-40, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=74930

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