The sword is, as it were, consecrated to God; and the art of war becomes a part of our religion.” –Samuel Davies

Saturday, March 3, 2012

Coming To Grips With Jefferson's "Theology"

Every once in a while, it’s always good to take a step back and evaluate those people we tend to place on pedestals.  Perhaps it is human nature, but we seem to overly venerate some men and overlook or even deny their faults.  For me, I must confess, the Founding Fathers fall into that category.  Maybe it’s that the overwhelming majority of elected officials today subvert the constitution and denigrate the lives and memories of those men, and that raises my ire.  Maybe I just have a misplaced affection for the “good ol’ days” (whatever that may mean).  Whatever may be its foundation, it’s always a good thing to take an objective, honest look at our historic leaders just as we should objectively look at our own hearts.
One of my most favorite Founders is Thomas Jefferson.  I suppose it may be because his expressed political sentiments most closely reflect my own.  While he is most often referred to as a “deist,” which I believe is a misnomer, it is certainly true that he was not an orthodox Christian by any serious standard.  Take for example Jefferson’s April 11, 1823 letter to John Adams; there is some I can agree with wholeheartedly and some where he’s just flat wrong.  Let’s take a look…

Dear Sir, — The wishes expressed, in your last favor, that I may continue in life and health until I become a Calvinist, at least in his exclamation of `mon Dieu! jusque à quand'! would make me immortal. I can never join Calvin in addressing his god. He was indeed an Atheist, which I can never be; or rather his religion was Dæmonism. If ever man worshipped a false god, he did. The being described in his 5. points is not the God whom you and I acknowledge and adore, the Creator and benevolent governor of the world; but a dæmon of malignant spirit. It would be more pardonable to believe in no god at all, than to blaspheme him by the atrocious attributes of Calvin. Indeed I think that every Christian sect gives a great handle to Atheism by their general dogma that, without a revelation, there would not be sufficient proof of the being of a god. Now one sixth of mankind only are supposed to be Christians: the other five sixths then, who do not believe in the Jewish and Christian revelation, are without a knowledge of the existence of a god!

Aside from his harsh criticism of John Calvin (with which I would vehemently disagree), I think Jefferson makes an error in his supposition that without revelation (I believe here he is referring to special revelation, i.e. the Bible) there is insufficient proof of the being of God.  The Christian church has never held such a view; in fact, the Apostle Paul lays out exactly the contrary in his epistle to the Roman church:

“For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness, because what may be known of God is manifest in them, for God has shown it to them.  For since the creation of the world His invisible  attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse, because, although they knew God, they did not glorify Him as God, nor were thankful, but became futile in their thoughts, and their foolish hearts were darkened.  Professing to be wise, they became fools…” Rom. 1:18-22 (NKJV)

Notice Paul says that mankind is “without excuse;” that is, no man can say that he has not been given sufficient revelation to believe in God.  The problem is not that God has failed to reveal Himself.  The problem is that man suppresses that revelation because of the wickedness of his heart.  The existence of the various religions and cults is only a further demonstration of this truth:  men know there is a God to Whom they must give an account.  While general revelation can show us that there is a God, we need special revelation to show us the full range of his dealings with men and what His will is, and the ultimate expression of God’s revelation is in his Son Jesus Christ.  What separates true religion from the false is that false religions worship a god of their own making and the true Christian religion worships the God Who made them.  I believe Jefferson’s assertion of this “general dogma” is patently false.

“This gives completely a gain de cause to the disciples of Ocellus, Timaeus, Spinosa, Diderot and D'Holbach. The argument which they rest on as triumphant and unanswerable is that, in every hypothesis of Cosmogony you must admit an eternal pre-existence of something; and according to the rule of sound philosophy, you are never to employ two principles to solve a difficulty when one will suffice. They say then that it is more simple to believe at once in the eternal pre-existence of the world, as it is now going on, and may for ever go on by the principle of reproduction which we see and witness, than to believe in the eternal pre-existence of an ulterior cause, or Creator of the world, a being whom we see not, and know not, of whose form substance and mode or place of existence, or of action no sense informs us, no power of the mind enables us to delineate or comprehend. On the contrary I hold (without appeal to revelation) that when we take a view of the Universe, in it's parts general or particular, it is impossible for the human mind not to perceive and feel a conviction of design, consummate skill, and indefinite power in every atom of it's composition. The movements of the heavenly bodies, so exactly held in their course by the balance of centrifugal and centripetal forces, the structure of our earth itself, with it's distribution of lands, waters and atmosphere, animal and vegetable bodies, examined in all their minutest particles, insects mere atoms of life, yet as perfectly organized as man or mammoth, the mineral substances, their generation and uses, it is impossible, I say, for the human mind not to believe that there is, in all this, design, cause and effect, up to an ultimate cause, a fabricator of all things from matter and motion, their preserver and regulator while permitted to exist in their present forms, and their regenerator into new and other forms. We see, too, evident proofs of the necessity of a superintending power to maintain the Universe in it's course and order. Stars, well known, have disappeared, new ones have come into view, comets, in their incalculable courses, may run foul of suns and planets and require renovation under other laws; certain races of animals are become extinct; and, were there no restoring power, all existences might extinguish successively, one by one, until all should be reduced to a shapeless chaos. So irresistible are these evidences of an intelligent and powerful Agent that, of the infinite numbers of men who have existed thro' all time, they have believed, in the proportion of a million at least to Unit, in the hypothesis of an eternal pre-existence of a creator, rather than in that of a self-existent Universe.”

Here I agree with Jefferson because I agree with Paul.  Even without appealing to special revelation, there is still enough revealed about God through His creation that we can understand the necessity of His superintending of all things. “The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament shows His handiwork.  Day unto day utters speech, and night unto night reveals knowledge.  There is no speech nor language where their voice is not heard.” (Ps. 19:1-3 NKJV)

“Of the nature of this being we know nothing. Jesus tells us that `God is a spirit.' 4. John 24. but without defining what a spirit is pneuma a theos. Down to the 3d. century we know that it was still deemed material; but of a lighter subtler matter than our gross bodies. So says Origen. `Deus igitur, cui anima similis est, juxta Originem, reapte corporalis est; sed graviorum tantum ratione corporum incorporeus.' These are the words of Huet in his commentary on Origen. Origen himself says `appelatio asomaton apud nostros scriptores est inusitata et incognita.' So also Tertullian `quis autem negabit Deum esse corpus, etsi deus spiritus? Spiritus etiam corporis sui generis, in sua effigie.' Tertullian. These two fathers were of the 3d. century. Calvin's character of this supreme being seems chiefly copied from that of the Jews. But the reformation of these blasphemous attributes, and substitution of those more worthy, pure and sublime, seems to have been the chief object of Jesus in his discourses to the Jews: and his doctrine of the Cosmogony of the world is very clearly laid down in the 3 first verses of the 1st. chapter of John, in these words:

en arche en o logos, kai o logos en pros ton Theon kai Theos en o logos. `otos en en 
arche pros ton Theon. Panta de ayto egeneto, kai choris ayto egeneto ode en, o gegonen

Which truly translated means `in the beginning God existed, and reason (or mind) was with God, and that mind was God. This was in the beginning with God. All things were created by it, and without it was made not one thing which was made'. Yet this text, so plainly declaring the doctrine of Jesus that the world was created by the supreme, intelligent being, has been perverted by modern Christians to build up a second person of their tritheism by a mistranslation of the word logos. One of it's legitimate meanings indeed is `a word.' But, in that sense, it makes an unmeaning jargon: while the other meaning `reason', equally legitimate, explains rationally the eternal preexistence of God, and his creation of the world. Knowing how incomprehensible it was that `a word,' the mere action or articulation of the voice and organs of speech could create a world, they undertake to make of this articulation a second preexisting being, and ascribe to him, and not to God, the creation of the universe. The Atheist here plumes himself on the uselessness of such a God, and the simpler hypothesis of a self-existent universe. The truth is that the greatest enemies to the doctrines of Jesus are those calling themselves the expositors of them, who have perverted them for the structure of a system of fancy absolutely incomprehensible, and without any foundation in his genuine words. And the day will come when the mystical generation of Jesus, by the supreme being as his father in the womb of a virgin will be classed with the fable of the generation of Minerva in the brain of Jupiter. But we may hope that the dawn of reason and freedom of thought in these United States will do away with all this artificial scaffolding, and restore to us the primitive and genuine doctrines of this the most venerated reformer of human errors.”

It is shocking to me that a man as intelligent as Jefferson could miss what is so obvious.  I have to believe that Jefferson had access to the full text of John’s gospel, and yet he failed to quote to whole text.

“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.  He was in the beginning with God.  All things were made through Him, and without Him nothing was made that was made.  In Him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend it. There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. This man came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all through him might believe. He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. That was the true Light which gives light to every man coming into the world. He was in the world, and the world was made through Him, and the world did not know Him.  He came to His own, and His own did not receive Him.  But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God, to those who believe in His name: who were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.  And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth. John bore witness of Him and cried out, saying, “This was He of whom I said, ‘He who comes after me is preferred before me, for He was before me.’” And of His fullness we have all received, and grace for grace.  For the law was given through Moses, but grace and truth came through Jesus Christ.  No one has seen God at any time. The only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, He has declared Him.”  John 1:1-18 (NKJV)

Now I’m not a trained theologian, but I believe the text is plain enough to teach us a few things.  First, we see that John clearly differentiates between the Word and God.  The Word was with God, the Word was in the beginning with God, the Word became flesh, etc.  It is clear that John is referring to two, distinct persons here.  Secondly, Jefferson’s assertion that “logos” means an impersonal “reason” just doesn’t fit.  Did impersonal “reason” become flesh and dwell among the apostles?  Of course not.  Thirdly, it is clear by a simple reading of the context that John is defining “the Word” and “the Light” as being one and the same person, that is, the Lord Jesus Christ.  Jesus Christ is here defined as being with the Father from the beginning, making all things, being the source of life, the giver of light, bearer of God’s glory, giver of grace and truth.  What mere man could be said to be “in the bosom of the Father?”  Christians are not “tritheists” but monotheists.  We worship 1 God in 3 distinct Persons not 3 separate Gods.  We do so because that is how God is revealed in Holy Scripture, and especially by passages like John 1.  Certainly Jefferson understood enough Christian theology to understand that.  Now, we could take up Jefferson’s assertion that the virgin birth of Christ is a “fable” but I think that is a topic for another day.  This is just another reason why we must take everything proposed by man back to the Scriptures to see how it measures up.

Semper Reformata
Dale








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